Pada masa Orde Baru di Indonesia, industri mengalami perkembangan yang signifikan. Seiring dengan kebijakan pemerintah yang fokus pada pembangunan ekonomi, sektor industri mengalami peningkatan pesat. Dalam artikel ini, kita akan mengupas jejak langkah perkembangan industri pada masa Orde Baru dengan sudut pandang yang santai namun informatif.
Dalam masa tersebut, pemerintah Orde Baru mendorong pembangunan industri sebagai salah satu pilar ekonomi nasional. Fokus utamanya adalah menggeser pola perekonomian Indonesia dari sektor pertanian ke sektor industri. Hal ini diwujudkan melalui berbagai kebijakan industri yang mencakup program-program peningkatan kualitas dan daya saing industri nasional.
Salah satu cerminan perkembangan industri pada masa Orde Baru adalah sektor manufaktur. Pemerintah saat itu berupaya mendorong pertumbuhan industri manufaktur di sektor hilir melalui berbagai insentif, seperti pembebasan pajak dan penyediaan infrastruktur yang memadai. Hal ini mengakibatkan pertumbuhan pesat berbagai industri, mulai dari tekstil, elektronik, kertas, hingga makanan dan minuman.
Kemajuan industri pada masa Orde Baru juga terlihat dalam sektor pertambangan dan energi. Pemerintah mendorong investasi di sektor ini dengan tujuan memperkuat industri pengolahan bahan baku, seperti industri pupuk dan petrokimia. Keberhasilan pembangunan industri ini turut membawa peningkatan kapasitas dan produksi domestik, yang pada akhirnya berdampak positif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional.
Namun, di balik perkembangan industri yang pesat, terdapat juga tantangan yang muncul pada masa tersebut. Salah satu tantangan utamanya adalah kesenjangan antara industri besar yang didukung pemerintah dan industri kecil dan menengah yang kurang mendapat perhatian. Pada akhirnya, hal ini menyebabkan ketimpangan dan pembauran sektor industri yang tidak seimbang.
Selain itu, kebijakan merekayasa industrialisasi pada masa Orde Baru juga menjadi sorotan. Banyak yang menilai bahwa implementasi kebijakan tersebut tidak memperhatikan aspek lingkungan hidup. Dalam beberapa kasus, pembangunan industri diabaikan dampaknya terhadap lingkungan, seperti polusi air dan udara yang merugikan masyarakat dan ekosistem sekitar.
Dengan demikian, meskipun perkembangan industri pada masa Orde Baru memberikan kontribusi penting bagi ekonomi nasional, terdapat pula kekurangan dan masalah yang perlu diperhatikan. Sebagai pembelajaran, kita perlu melihat ke masa lalu untuk memperbaiki langkah-langkah kebijakan industri saat ini.
The Development of Industries during the New Order Era
During the New Order era in Indonesia, which lasted from 1966 to 1998, there were significant developments in various industries. The government at that time implemented policies to promote industrialization and attract foreign investments, leading to the growth and modernization of several key sectors in the country.
Manufacturing Industry
One of the primary focuses of the industrial development during the New Order era was the manufacturing industry. The government established several industrial estates and encouraged the establishment of manufacturing companies both by local and foreign investors. This resulted in the expansion of various sub-sectors, such as textile and garment, automotive, electronics, and food and beverage.
The establishment of industrial estates, such as the ones in Cikarang, Karawang, and Bekasi in West Java, provided a conducive environment for manufacturing companies to operate. These industrial estates offered various incentives, including infrastructure facilities and access to transportation networks, which attracted investors to set up their factories and production facilities.
The manufacturing industry also benefited from the government’s policy of import substitution. This policy aimed to reduce reliance on imported goods by promoting local production. Import restrictions and high import duties were imposed to protect domestic industries and encourage the production of goods within the country. This policy led to the growth of several manufacturing sectors, including the automotive industry, which saw the establishment of local car assembly plants.
Infrastructure Development
Another crucial aspect of the industrial development during the New Order era was the focus on infrastructure development. The government recognized the importance of having adequate infrastructure to support industrial activities and attract investments. Therefore, significant investments were made in building roads, ports, airports, and power plants.
The construction of toll roads, such as the Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road, improved transportation connectivity and facilitated the movement of goods and raw materials. The development of ports, such as Tanjung Priok in Jakarta and Tanjung Perak in Surabaya, enhanced the country’s ability to import raw materials and export finished products. Furthermore, the expansion of airports, such as Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, improved air connectivity and facilitated the movement of people and goods.
The government also invested in the development of power plants to meet the increasing demand for electricity. This infrastructure development provided a strong foundation for the growth of various industries during the New Order era.
Foreign Direct Investment
The New Order government actively promoted foreign direct investment (FDI) as a means to spur economic growth and industrial development. The government offered various incentives to attract foreign investors, such as tax holidays, import duty exemptions, and simplified bureaucratic procedures.
As a result, many foreign companies, particularly from Japan and other East Asian countries, invested in Indonesia. These investments contributed to the transfer of technology, knowledge, and expertise to the local industries. The inflow of FDI also created job opportunities and stimulated economic activities in the regions where the investments were made.
The automotive industry, for instance, benefited from significant FDI, with the establishment of joint ventures between local companies and foreign automotive giants. This collaboration resulted in the production of cars that were more advanced in terms of technology and quality.
FAQs
1. What were the impacts of the industrial development during the New Order era?
The industrial development during the New Order era had several impacts on the Indonesian economy. Firstly, it contributed to economic growth, as the industrial sector became one of the major contributors to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). The expansion of manufacturing industries also created job opportunities and reduced unemployment rates in the country. Additionally, the development of infrastructure to support industrial activities improved transportation connectivity and facilitated trade within the country and internationally.
2. Did the industrial development during the New Order era have any negative consequences?
While the industrial development during the New Order era brought significant benefits, it also had some negative consequences. The focus on export-oriented industries, such as textiles and electronics, led to environmental issues due to pollution and waste disposal. The rapid expansion of urban areas to accommodate industrial activities also resulted in increased pollution, traffic congestion, and overcrowding in cities. Furthermore, the economic disparities between regions became more pronounced, as industrial development was concentrated in certain areas, leading to regional inequality.
Conclusion
The industrial development during the New Order era played a crucial role in shaping Indonesia’s economy and paving the way for its transition into a more industrialized nation. The focus on manufacturing industries, infrastructure development, and foreign direct investment brought significant benefits in terms of economic growth, job creation, and technological advancements.
However, it is essential to address the negative consequences of this industrial development, such as environmental degradation and regional inequality. Moving forward, sustainable and inclusive industrialization should be the focus, ensuring that economic growth benefits all segments of society while minimizing the adverse impacts on the environment.
As Indonesia continues to develop and evolve, it is crucial to learn from the past experiences and make informed decisions to drive the industrial sector towards a more sustainable and inclusive future.
